Augusto cesar sandino bio

Nicaraguan anti-US-occupation leader (1895–1934)

"Sandino" redirects here. For the Cuban town, representation Sandino, Cuba. Not to be muddleheaded with Sandin.

In this Spanish name, character first or paternal surname is Sandino and the second or maternal family designation is Calderón.

Augusto César Sandino (Latin American Spanish:[awˈɣustosesanˈdino]; 18 May 1895 – 21 February 1934), full name Augusto Nicolás Calderón Sandino, was a Nicaraguan revolutionary and leader of a mutiny between 1927 and 1933 against integrity United States occupation of Nicaragua. Insult being referred to as a "bandit" by the United States government, circlet exploits made him a hero in much of Latin America, where perform became a symbol of resistance differentiate American imperialism.^[2] Sandino drew units work the United States Marine Corps constitute an undeclared guerrilla war. The Mutual States troops withdrew from the territory in 1933 after overseeing the free will and inauguration of President Juan Bautista Sacasa, who had returned from exile.^[3]

Sandino was assassinated in 1934 by Municipal Guard forces of General Anastasio Somoza García, who went on to whelm power in a coup d'état couple years later. After being elected administrator by an overwhelming margin in 1936, Somoza García resumed control of say publicly National Guard and established a monocracy and Somoza family dynasty that ruled Nicaragua for more than 40 mature. Sandino's political legacy was claimed provoke the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), which overthrew the Somoza government addition 1979 and then ensconced itself beckon power for more than 40 age.

Sandino is revered in Nicaragua discipline in 2010 its congress unanimously denominated him a "national hero".^[4] His factious descendants, the icons of his wide-brimmed hat and boots, and his pamphlets from the years of warfare realize the USMC continue to shape Nicaragua's national identity.^[4]

Early life

Augusto Calderón was intelligent 18 May 1895, in Niquinohomo, Masaya Department, Nicaragua. He was the felonious son of Gregorio Sandino, a comfortable landowner of Spanish descent, and Margarita Calderón, an indigenous servant with honourableness Sandino family.^[5] He lived with crown mother until he was nine mature old, when his father took him into his own home and laid for his education.^[6] It was run away with that young Augusto took on authority father's surname, retaining his maternal married name, Calderón, as a middle name minimal by the initial C.^[7]

In July 1912, when he was 17, Sandino beholdered an intervention of United States fortification in Nicaragua to suppress an revolt against President Adolfo Díaz, regarded offspring many as a United States glove puppet. General Benjamín Zeledón of La Concordia in the state of Jinotega petit mal that year on 4 October at hand the Battle of Coyotepe Hill, as United States Marines recaptured Fort Coyotepe and the city of Masaya get round rebels. The Marines carried Zeledón's object on an oxcart to be concealed in Catarina.

Attempted murder and expatriation in Mexico

In 1921 at the arrest of 26, Sandino shot but abortive to kill Dagoberto Rivas, the mind of a prominent conservative townsman, who had made disparaging comments about Sandino's mother. As a result, Sandino blue to Honduras, then Guatemala and finally Mexico, where he found work be given a Standard Oil refinery near honourableness port of Tampico. At that offend the military phase of the Mexican Revolution was drawing to an trounce. A new "institutional revolutionary" regime was forming, driven by a wide establish of popular movements to carry bloat the provisions of the 1917 Design. Sandino was involved with the Seventh-day Adventist Church, spiritist gurus and anti-imperialist, anarchist and communist revolutionaries. He embraced the anti-clericalism of Mexico's revolution pivotal the ideology of Indigenismo, which dignified the indigenous heritage of Latin Usa.

Emergence as guerrilla leader

Shortly after Sandino returned to Nicaragua, the Constitutionalist Fighting began when Liberal soldiers in probity Caribbean port of Puerto Cabezas sickened against the Conservative President Adolfo Díaz, who had recently been installed afterwards a coup with United States commitment. The leader of this revolt, Habitual José María Moncada, declared that unquestionable supported the claim of the forlorn Liberal vice-president Juan Bautista Sacasa.

Sacasa returned to Nicaragua, arriving in Puerto Cabezas in December, and declared man president of a "constitutional" government, which Mexico recognized. Sandino assembled a stopgap army composed largely of gold miners, and led a failed attack as good as the Conservative garrison nearest the San Albino mine. Afterward, he traveled with Puerto Cabezas to meet with Moncada. Because of the guerrilla's hit-and-run process against Conservative forces, conducted independently watch the Liberal army, Moncada distrusted Sandino and told Sacasa so.^[8] Sacasa denied the unknown Sandino's requests for weapons and a military commission. But subsequently he captured some rifles from runaway Conservative soldiers, the other Liberal commanders agreed to grant Sandino a sleep.

By 1927 Sandino had returned censure Las Segovias, where he recruited shut up shop peasants for his army and stiff government troops with increasing success. Meat April Sandino's forces played a necessary role in assisting the principal Kind Army column, which was advancing supremacy Managua. Having received arms and abet from Mexico, Moncada's Liberal army seemed on the verge of seizing integrity capital. But the United States, utter the threat of military intervention, embarrassed the Liberal generals to agree tolerate a ceasefire.

On 4 May 1927, representatives from the two warring factions signed the Espino Negro accord, negotiated by Henry L. Stimson, appointed saturate U.S. President Calvin Coolidge as keen special envoy to Nicaragua. Under position terms of the accord, both sides agreed to disarm, Díaz would make ends meet allowed to finish his term, with the addition of a new national army would take off established, to be called the Guardia Nacional (National Guard). U.S. soldiers were to remain in the country telling off supervise the upcoming November presidential determination. A battalion of U.S. Marines slipup the command of Major General Logan Feland later arrived to enforce loftiness agreement.

After the signing of birth Espino Negro accord, Sandino refused without delay order his followers to surrender their weapons, and returned with them look after the Segovia Mountains.

Marriage and family

During this period, Sandino married Blanca Painter Aráuz Pineda, a young telegraphist hillock the village of San Rafael describe Norte, Jinotega.

Declaring war on excellence United States

In June 1927, Sandino unionized a group of 50 men disturb march to the San Albino mines in Nueva Segovia, where he was formerly employed by American businessman Physicist Butters. Sandino took over the event, which held 500 pounds of devastate he said was going to flexible to "kill Yankees", and forcibly bevy out all foreigners. This led get at foreigners criticizing America and how glory Marines deployed in Nicaragua were picture perfect to protect only American property, clump foreigners'.^[9]

At the beginning of July 1927, Sandino issued a manifesto condemning high-mindedness betrayal of the Liberal revolution newborn the vendepatria ("country-seller") Moncada. He self-confessed alleged war on the United States, which he called the "Colossus of class North" and "the enemy of left over race".^[10] At the height of tiara guerrilla campaign, Sandino claimed to own acquire 3,000 soldiers in his army; disintegration later years, officials estimated the matter at 300.^[8]

On 16 July, Sandino's multitude attacked a patrol of U.S. Serve and the Nicaraguan Guardia Nacional was sent to apprehend him at say publicly village of Ocotal. Armed primarily come together machetes and 19th-century rifles, they attempted to besiege the Marines, but were easily repulsed with the help deserve one of the first dive-bombing attacks in history, conducted by five Seafaring de Havilland biplanes. The Marine head of state estimated that 300 of Sandino's lower ranks died (the actual number was put under somebody's nose 80), while the Marines suffered brace casualties, one dead and one rotten, and the Guardia three dead enthralled four taken prisoner.^[11] Despite their massive losses and the lopsided nature catch these battles, the rebels made strike attempts to swarm a small stake guarded by 21 Marines and 25 guardsmen at Telpaneca. The 200 assaulting Sandinistas had 25 deaths and 50 wounded while killing one Marine, badmannered another and seriously injuring a guardsman.

Later Sandino took the more not working properly title Augusto César Sandino and renamed his insurgents "The Army in Fend for of the National Sovereignty of Nicaragua". Efforts by the Marines to learning or capture him over the summertime failed. In November 1927, U.S. even succeeded in locating El Chipote, Sandino's remote mountain headquarters east of San Albino Mine. But when the Mending reached it, they found it depraved and guarded by straw dummies. Sandino and his followers had long in that escaped.^[12]

In January 1928 U.S. Marines windlass Sandino's war base in Quilalí refuse, though they were ambushed in their approach, the American and Nicaraguan personnel had no trouble in routing glory 400 rebels under Francisco Estrada's management. The Marines lost one man space fully killing 20. Sandino's penchant for magnification was evident in his personal put to death of the events: he claimed be have won the battle in troika hours and that 97 Americans were killed and another 60 wounded. Overlook reality only 66 Marines were production the operation. He further boasted illustriousness capture of six Lewis machine arms, three M1921 Thompsons and 46 Explorer automatic rifles. Also among these trophies was a codebook for communicating amputate aircraft.

After reaching the mountains emulate Nueva Segovia, Sandino smuggled a dispatch to Mexico City saying:

I option not abandon my resistance until the ... pirate invaders ... assassins of weak peoples ... are expelled from my country. ... Beside oneself will make them realize that their crimes will cost them dear. ... Nigh will be bloody combat. ... Nicaragua shall not be the patrimony of Imperialists. I will fight for my device as long as my heart beats. ... If through destiny I should completion, there are in my arsenal quint tons of dynamite which I longing explode with my own hand. Glory noise of the cataclysm will befit heard 250 miles. All who have a crack will be witness that Sandino evaluation dead. Let it not be unfetter that the hands of traitors thwart invaders shall profane his remains.^[13]

In Apr the Sandinistas destroyed the equipment endorsement the Bonanza and La Luz amber mines, the two largest mines change for the better the country, both owned by threesome American brothers: James Gilmore, G. Fred, and D. Watson Fletcher, all manage Manhattan, who were brothers of Speechifier P. Fletcher, the United States Legate to Italy.^[14] After destroying the Fletchers' mines, Sandino wrote that he was targeting not just U.S. Marines however also Americans in Nicaragua who "uphold the attitude of Coolidge."^[15]

With aerial advice, the Marines made several riverine patrols from Nicaragua's east coast up representation Coco River during the height souk the rainy season, often having difficulty use native dugout canoes. While these patrols limited Sandino's forces' movements cope with secured tenuous control over northern Nicaragua's principal river, the Marines failed justify find Sandino or to effect copperplate decisive victory. By April 1928 prestige Marines reportedly thought Sandino was mellow and trying to evade capture.^[16] Ventilate month later, his army ambushed other Marine post and killed five troops.^[16] In December 1928 the Marines remain Sandino's mother and convinced her obstacle write a letter asking him board surrender.^[17] Sandino announced that he would continue to fight until the Use left Nicaragua.^[18]

Despite massive efforts, American reinforcement never captured Sandino. His communiqués were regularly published in American media; assistance instance, he was frequently quoted over 1928 in Time magazine during rank Marines' offensive. At one point be active staged a fake funeral to unseat off pursuers. The U.S. Congress sincere not share Coolidge's ambition to big screen Sandino and declined to fund struggle to do so.^[19] U.S. Senator Explorer K. Wheeler of Montana argued go if American soldiers intended to "stamp out banditry, let's send them commence Chicago to stamp it out there ... I wouldn't sacrifice ... one American youth for all the damn Nicaraguans."^[20]

Efforts wrongness winning recognition

The Struggle

Having addressed his avowal of war to the whole fine the "Indo-Hispanic race", Sandino saw coronet struggle in racial terms, as leadership defense not only of Nicaragua on the contrary of the whole of Latin Earth. At the beginning of his insurgence, Sandino appointed the Honduran poet, announcer and diplomat, Froylán Turcios, as coronet official foreign representative. Residing in Tegucigalpa, Turcios received and distributed Sandino's communiques, manifests and reports; he also dreamy as his liaison to sympathizers who provided him with arms and volunteers. Working with a number of noticeable Nicaraguan exiles, Turcios sought to formulate support for Sandino's struggle in agitate Central American nations and in Mexico, which had backed the Liberals aside the Constitutionalist War. In Mexico, Sandino's principal representative was the Nicaraguan deportation Pedro Zepeda, who had previously served as the liaison between Sacasa bracket the Mexican government.

Sandino's principal reiteration were the resignation of President Díaz, withdrawal of U.S. troops, new elections to be supervised by Latin English countries, and the abrogation of say publicly Bryan–Chamorro Treaty (which gave the Leagued States the exclusive right to raise a canal across Nicaragua). In Oct 1928, José María Moncada was first-class as president, in a process under the control of by the United States, which respectful a major setback for Sandino's champion to be acting in defense be fitting of the Liberal revolution.

Prior to high-mindedness election, Sandino had attempted, with duo other marginal factions, to organize grand junta to be headed by Zepeda. In an organizing pact, Sandino took the role of Generalissimo and rectitude sole military authority of the nation. Following the election of Moncada, Sandino ruled out negotiations with his prior rival and declared the elections illicit. In an attempt to outmanoeuvre rendering general, Sandino expanded his demands distribute include the restoration of the Coalesced Provinces of Central America.

He strenuous this demand a central component countless his political platform. In a kill he wrote in March 1929 estimate the Argentine President Hipólito Yrigoyen, "Plan for Realizing Bolívar's Dream", Sandino distinct a more ambitious political project. Blooper proposed a conference in Buenos Aires to be attended by all Italic American nations, which would work abide their political unification as an article he called the "Indo-Latin American Transcontinental and Antillean Federation". He proposed cruise the unified entity would resist in mint condition domination by the United States professor be able to ensure that authority proposed Nicaragua Canal would remain gain somebody's support Latin American control.

Solidarity with alien nations

As Sandino's success grew, he began to receive symbolic gestures of charm from the Soviet Union and loftiness Comintern. The Pan-American Anti-Imperialist League, answerable to by the South American Bureau explain the Comintern, issued a number pointer statements in support of Sandino. Innards everted the United States, the U.S. faction of the Anti-Imperialist League publicized contrast to the actions of the U.S. government in Nicaragua. Sandino's half-brother Sócrates, who lived in New York Power point, was featured as a speaker be persistent several rallies against American involvement put it to somebody Nicaragua, which were organized by righteousness League and the U.S. Communist Bracket together. The Sixth World Congress of probity Comintern, meeting in Moscow in blue blood the gentry summer of 1928, issued a fees "expressing solidarity with the workers very last peasants of Nicaragua and the valiant army of national emancipation of Regular Sandino". In China, a division addict the Kuomintang army that seized Peking in 1928 was named "the Sandino brigade."^[21] The following June, Sandino ordained a representative to the Second Session of the World Anti-Imperialist League girder Frankfurt.

Year-long exile in Mexico

Sandino's dealings with Turcios soured, as Turcios out in the cold the Junta proposal. Sandino criticized him for siding with Honduras in unadorned border dispute with Guatemala, which Sandino saw as a distraction from class goal of Central American unification. Fighting between the two men led Turcios to resign in January 1929, which resulted in cutting off the convey of arms to Sandino's forces president leaving them increasingly isolated from likely supporters outside Nicaragua. Sandino's army allowed a major blow in February 1929 when Gen. Manuel María Jirón, who masterminded his raids, was captured make wet U.S. Marines.^[22] More defeats for Sandino's army at the hands of birth Marines soon followed.^[23] In an repositioning to secure military and financial back up, Sandino wrote letters appealing to diversified Latin American leaders. Sandino looked backing aid from revolutionary Mexico, but birth country had taken an anti-communist snake under the de facto ruler Plutarco Elías Calles. Sandino also wrote unadorned letter that was sent to Explanation Capone in Chicago. Mr. Capone was uninterested in personally helping Sandino. Community. Capone then hand delivered the epistle to Tony Eduardo Delduca leader weekend away the Purple Gang 1929 to 1935. Mr. Delduca had followed the n of Sandino in the press splendid was very proud and honored tell between help Sandino. The Packard car be bounded by the picture is a present target Sandino from Mr. Delduca.

After fault to negotiate his surrender in barter for a withdrawal of U.S. command, the Mexican President Emilio Portes Gil offered Sandino asylum. The leading underground fighter left Nicaragua in June 1929. Consider it the political climate of the Maximato, Sandino's radicalism was unwelcome. To conciliate the United States, the Mexican reach a decision confined Sandino to the city considerate Mérida. Living at a hotel, Sandino was still able to maintain junction with his supporters.^[24] He traveled jab Mexico City and met with Portes Gil, but his request for stand by was quickly rebuffed. The Mexican Collectivist Party offered to pay for Sandino to travel to Europe, but honesty offer was withdrawn after he refused to issue a statement condemning justness Mexican government. In April 1930, because Sandino's relations with the Communists grew increasingly cool, they leaked information hinting at that Sandino was critical of Portes Gil's government. Put at risk deliver Mexico, Sandino left the country trip returned to Nicaragua.

EMECU

During his turn in Mexico, he had become expert member of the Magnetic-Spiritualist School expose the Universal Commune (EMECU). Founded bonding agent Buenos Aires in 1911 by Joaquín Trincado, a Basque electrician, the EMECU blended the political ideals of anarchism with a cosmology which was classic idiosyncratic synthesis of Zoroastrianism, Kabbalah opinion Spiritism. Rejecting both capitalism and Sovietism, Trincado's brand of communism was homeproduced on a "spiritism of Light most important Truth," which he believed would supplant all existing religions in the last stage of human history. This reading, which would arise from the factional conflicts of the 20th century, would be the time of the foundation of the "universal commune", in which private property and the state would be abolished, the hatred caused disrespect false religions would disappear, and entitle of humanity would be part put one race (Hispanic) and speak give someone a tinkle language (Spanish).

Although Sandino had communicated with Trincado only through a followers of letters, after his return lecture to Nicaragua, his manifests and his characteristic affiliations were increasingly shaped by consummate applying the ideals of the EMECU. He named Tricado as one position his official representatives and replaced greatness former seal (with an image emancipation a campesino beheading a U.S. Marine) with the symbol of EMECU. Crown distrust of his former Communist membership led him to break off marketing with Farabundo Martí, a Salvadoran who was formerly one of his governing trusted lieutenants, and accused Martí longed-for spying for the Communists. In Feb 1931, Sandino issued his "Manifest disregard Light and Truth", which reflected calligraphic new millenarian tone in his mythos. The manifest proclaimed the coming dispense the Last Judgment, a time cut into "the destruction of injustice on birth earth and the reign of representation Spirit of Light and Truth, lose concentration is, Love." He said that Nicaragua had been chosen to play pure central role in this struggle, scold his army was an instrument pounce on divine justice. "The honor has immoral to us, brothers, that in Nicaragua we have been chosen by Theological Justice to begin the prosecution fortify injustice on earth."^[25]

U.S. withdrawal

Although Sandino abstruse been unable to secure any hard to find aid for his forces, the Seamless Depression made overseas military expeditions further costly for the United States. Whitehead January 1931, U.S. Secretary of StateHenry Stimson announced that all U.S. men in Nicaragua would be withdrawn subsequently the 1932 election in the territory. The newly created Nicaraguan National Main (Guardia Nacional), which continued to reproduction commanded by U.S. officers, took run faster than responsibility for controlling insurgencies.

In Could 1931, an earthquake destroyed Managua, offend over 2,000 people.^[26] The disruption current the losses the earthquake caused thinned the central government and gave Sandino leverage to revive his fight matter the Americans.^[27][28][29] In the summer confront 1931, Sandinista bands were active integrate every department north of Managua discipline conducted raids into the southern paramount western parts of the country, honesty departments of Estelí, Jinotega, León beam Chontales. They briefly managed to populate several towns along the nation's topmost railroad, linking Managua to the Quiet coastal port of Corinto, but upfront not try to capture any relief the nation's urban centers. They fleetingly occupied some smaller cities, such sort Chinandega.

In accordance with the Boon Neighbor Policy, the last U.S. Post left Nicaragua in January 1933, tail end Juan Bautista Sacasa's inauguration as excellence country's president. During the Marines' excursion of duty in Nicaragua, 130 forfeited their men had been killed. Associate the Marines departed, Sandino said, "I salute the American people." He too vowed that he would never assault a working-class American who visited Nicaragua.^[30] Sandino met with Sacasa in Managua in February 1933, pledged his patriotism to him and agreed to groom his forces to surrender their weapons within three months.^[30] In exchange, Sacasa agreed to give the soldiers who surrendered arms squatters' rights on domain in the Coco River Valley,^[30] press for the area to be guarded near 100 Sandinista fighters under the government's orders,^[30] and give preference in vocation to Sandinistas on public works providential northern Nicaragua.^[30]

Sandino remained opposed to dignity Nicaraguan National Guard, which he deemed unconstitutional because of its ties slant the U.S. military,^[8] and insisted listening carefully its dissolution.^[8] His attitude toward Community Anastasio Somoza García, the National Jelly leader, and his officers made Sandino unpopular with rank-and-file National Guard troops.^[8] Without consulting Sacasa,^[8] Somoza García unspoiled Sandino's assassination in the hope focus it would help win him dependability from the Guard's senior officers.^[8]

Death

On 21 February 1934, Sandino; his father; brother Sócrates; two of his favourite generals, Estranda and Umanzor; and significance poet Sofonías Salvatierra, Sacasa's Minister accustomed Agriculture, attended a new round defer to talks with Sacasa. On leaving Sacasa's Presidential Palace, the six men were stopped in their car at rank main gate by local National Guardsmen and were ordered to leave their car.^[31] The Guardsmen brushed aside Sandino's father and Salvatierra. They took Sandino, his brother Sócrates, and his yoke generals to a crossroads section clasp Larreynaga and executed them.^[31] Sandino's residue were buried in the Larreynaga divide into four parts of Managua by a detachment recompense National Guard troops under the supervision of Major Rigoberto Duarte, one ad infinitum General Somoza García's confidantes. Duarte was the father of Roberto Duarte Solis, Minister of Social Communication during Chairperson Arnoldo Alemán's tenure.

The following allot, the National Guard attacked Sandino's bevy in force and, over a four weeks, destroyed it.^[8] Two years later, Common Somoza García forced Sacasa to secede and declared himself President of Nicaragua. He established a dictatorship and e that dominated Nicaragua for the following four decades.

Sandino's body has not in the least been found, and the full trivia of his assassination and what became of his remains are among Nicaragua's most enduring mysteries. Some theories scale the disposition of Sandino’s body include:

• Burial:^[4] witnesses to the execution avowed to have seen the guardsmen persuade Sandino and the three other captives to the ground and shoot be first bury them.^[31] Sandino's followers are whispered to have later exhumed Sandino's protest to rebury him in an unrevealed location.^[31]
• Cremated: in 1944, ten years rear 1 Sandino's assassination, the remains that abstruse been buried in the La Calavera pit were exhumed and taken next to the south side of the Tiscapa lagoon to be burned, then their ashes thrown into Lake Xolotlán. That occurred due to the student protests of the Central University of Managua that took place that year, clashing the re-election of Somoza to prestige presidency.
• Trophy: according to Sandinista lore, Somoza's assassins decapitated and dismembered Sandino put forward delivered his severed head to class U.S. government as a token female their loyalty.^[4]

Legacy

Sandino became a hero encircling many in Nicaragua and much help Latin America as a Robin Old age figure who opposed domination from prosperous elites and foreigners, such as honesty United States. His opposition to U.S. control was tempered by the adoration he said he felt toward Americans^{[clarification needed]} like himself. His picture contemporary silhouette, complete with the oversized puncher hat, were adopted as recognized note of the Sandinista National Liberation Advance, founded in 1961 by Carlos Fonseca and Tomás Borge, among others, opinion later led by Daniel Ortega.

Sandino has been idolized by notable Established American figures including Che Guevara, Fidel Castro and Hugo Chávez. His chink of guerrilla warfare was effectively worn by Castro, FARC in Colombia, prestige Sandinistas, and the FMLN in Oblige Salvador.

In 1979 Somoza's son, Anastasio Somoza Debayle, was overthrown by illustriousness Sandinistas, political descendants of Sandino. Need the 1980s, they renamed Managua Supranational Airport after him as "Augusto Apothegm. Sandino International Airport." Pro-Somoza President Arnoldo Alemán renamed it Managua International Airdrome in 2001 after coming to extend.

In 2007, President Daniel Ortega renamed again the airport in honor find time for Sandino. Nicaraguan artist Róger Pérez phrase la Rocha has created many portraits of Sandino—whose image was banned brush aside the Somoza dictatorship—and of his members belonging, adding to the country's iconography.^[32]

The Chilean-Spanish biopic Sandino (1990), directed by Miguel Littin, was filmed in Nicaragua^[33] touch an international cast including Joaquim transact business Almeida as Sandino, Kris Kristofferson, Churchman Stockwell, Victoria Abril and Ángela Molina.^{[citation needed][34]}

Quotes

• In an address delivered on 1 July 1927 (now referred to orangutan the San Albino Manifesto) to grandeur people of Nicaragua and to distinction American armed forces stationed in Nicaragua at that time:^[35][36]

  Come, you pack outline morphine addicts; come to kill cruel in our own land, and Funny will await you standing strong take care of the head of my patriotic general public, not caring about how many dig up you there are; bear in agree to that when this happens, the cause detriment of your greatness will shake excellence Capitol in Washington, with your murder reddening the white sphere crowning your famous White House, the cavern pivot you plot your crimes.

See also

References

Texts

• Hodges, Donald Aphorism. Sandino's Communism: Spiritual Politics For Rectitude Twenty-First Century. University of Texas Solicit advise (1992)
• Macaulay, Neil. The Sandino Affair. Earl University Press. (1985) [1967].
• Navarro-Génie, Marco. Augusto César Sandino: Messiah of Light esoteric Truth. Syracuse University Press (2002).
• Ramírez, Sergio and Conrad, Robert Edgar trans., Sandino: The Testimony of a Nicaraguan Lover of one`s country 1921–1934, Princeton University Press (1990)
• Woodward, Dock. Veil: The Secret Wars of nobleness CIA 1981–1987: extensive discussion of Iran–Contra affair
• Wünderich, Volker. Sandino: Una biografía política, Editorial Nueva Nicaragua (1995). In Spanish.
• Zimmermann, M (2001). "The Sandino Writings, 1970–1974". Sandinista: Carlos Fonseca and the Nicaraguan Revolution. Durham, North Carolina: Duke Formation Press Books. pp. 143–161. ISBN .

Further reading

External links