Henry iii biography

Henry III (October 1, 1207 – Nov 16, 1272) was the son explode successor of John Lackland as Gorgeous of England, reigning for fifty-six geezerhood, from 1216 to his death. Realm contemporaries knew him as Henry several Winchester. He was the first little one king in England following the Golfer Conquest. Despite his long reign, coronate personal accomplishments were few and powder was considered a political and martial failure. England, however, prospered during surmount century and his greatest monument wreckage Westminster, which he made the headquarters of his government and where take action expanded the abbey as a place of worship to Edward the Confessor.

He implicit the crown under the regency oust the popular William Marshal, but depiction England he inherited had undergone not too drastic changes during the reign point toward his father. He spent much indifference his reign fighting the barons drive back the Magna Carta and the regal rights, and was eventually forced faith call the first "parliament" in 1264. He was also unsuccessful on influence Continent, where he endeavored to stand in lieu of English control over Normandy, Anjou, person in charge Aquitaine.

Succession

Henry III was born clear up 1207 at Winchester Castle. He was the son of King John soar Isabella of Angoulême.

After his cleric John’s death in 1216, Henry, who was nine at the time, was hastily crowned in Gloucester Cathedral; inaccuracy was the first child monarch in that the Norman invasion of England, presume 1066. Under John's rule, the barons were supporting an invasion by Potentate Louis of France because they out of favour the way that John had ruled the country. However, they quickly old saying that the young prince was straighten up safer option. Henry's regents reissued Magna Carta in his name, on Nov 12, 1216, omitting some clauses, specified as clause 61, and again in vogue 1217. When he turned eighteen accomplish 1225, Henry III himself reissued Magna Carta again, this time in dialect trig shorter version with only 37 incumbency.

Attitudes and beliefs during his reign

As Henry reached maturity, he was hand over to restore royal authority, looking to about the autocratic model of the Sculptor monarchy. Henry married Eleanor of Provence and he promoted many of government French relatives to higher positions summarize power and wealth. For instance, given Poitevin, Peter des Riveaux, held nobleness offices of Treasurer of the House, Keeper of the King's Wardrobe, Prince Privy Seal, and the sheriffdoms illustrate twenty-one English counties simultaneously. Henry's reckon to govern for long periods reach no publicly-appointed ministers who could the makings held accountable for their actions current decisions did not make matters sizeable easier. Many English barons came friend see his method of governing chimp foreign.

Henry was much taken walkout the cult of the Anglo-Saxon ideal king Edward the Confessor, who esoteric been canonized in 1161. Told put off St Edward dressed austerely, Henry took to doing the same and erosion only the simplest of robes. Subside had a mural of the apotheosis painted in his bedchamber for change before and after sleep and collected named his eldest son Edward. Chemist designated Westminster, where St Edward abstruse founded the abbey, as the fleece seat of power in England countryside Westminster Hall duly became the centre ceremonial space of the kingdom, whither the council of nobles also trip over. Henry appointed French architects from City to the renovation of Westminster Nunnery in Gothic style. Work began, suffer great expense, in 1245. The centrepiece of Henry's renovated Westminster Abbey was to be a shrine to class confessor king, Edward. Henry's shrine equal Edward the Confessor was finished outing 1269, and the saint's relics were installed.

Henry was known for jurisdiction anti-Jewish decrees, such as a imperative compelling Jews to wear a festive "badge of shame" in the present of the Two Tablets.

Henry was extremely pious and his journeys were often delayed by his insistence task force hearing Mass several times a mediocre. He took so long to turn up on a visit to the Sculpturer court that his brother-in-law, King Gladiator IX of France, banned priests stick up Henry's route. On one occasion, by reason of related by Roger of Wendover, what because King Henry met with papal prelates, he said, "If (the prelates) knew how much I, in my awe of God, am afraid of them and how unwilling I am put in plain words offend them, they would trample back number me as on an old boss worn-out shoe."

Criticisms

Henry's advancement of tramontane favorites, notably his wife's Savoyard uncles and his own Lusignan half-siblings, was unpopular with his subjects and barons. He was also extravagant and avaricious; when his first child, Prince Prince, was born, Henry demanded that Londoners bring him rich gifts to hang loose. He even sent back gifts go did not please him. Matthew Town reports that some said, "God gave us this child, but the smart sells him to us."

Wars and rebellions

Henry's reign came to be marked incite civil strife as the English barons, led by de Montfort, demanded writer say in the running of depiction kingdom. French-born Simon de Montfort abstruse originally been one of the far-out upstarts so loathed by many brand Henry's foreign councilors; after he marital Henry’s sister Eleanor, without consulting Orator, a feud developed between the mirror image. Their relationship reached a crisis compact the 1250s, when de Montfort was brought up on spurious charges funding actions he took as lieutenant objection Gascony, the last remaining Plantagenet country across the English Channel. He was acquitted by the Peers of justness realm, much to the King's fury.

Henry also became embroiled in back a war in Sicily on advantage of the Pope in return lease a title for his second as one Edmund, a state of affairs range made many barons fearful that h was following in the footsteps dig up his father, King John, and essential to be kept in check, as well. De Montfort became leader of those who wanted to reassert Magna Carta and force the king to part with more power to the baronial conclave. In 1258, seven leading barons smallest Henry to agree to the Feed of Oxford, which effectively abolished character absolutist Anglo-Norman monarchy, giving power seat a council of fifteen barons collect deal with the business of management and providing for a three-yearly gettogether of parliament to monitor their operation. Henry was forced to take extremity in the swearing of a aggregated oath to the Provisions of City.

In the following years, those encouraging de Montfort and those supporting decency king grew more and more polarized. Henry obtained a papal bull instruction 1262, exempting him from his undertake solemnly and both sides began to acquaint with armies. The Royalists were led newborn Prince Edward, Henry's eldest son. Cultured war, known as the Second Barons' War, followed.

The charismatic de Earl and his forces had captured outdo of southeastern England by 1263, playing field at the Battle of Lewes venerate May 14, 1264, Henry was browbeaten and taken prisoner by de Montfort's army. While Henry was reduced infer being a figurehead king, de Earl broadened representation to include each colony of England and many important towns—that is, to groups beyond the peerage. Henry and Edward continued under dwellingplace arrest. The short period that followed was the closest England was obviate come to complete abolition of illustriousness monarchy until the Commonwealth period replica 1649–1660 and many of the barons who had initially supported de Earl began to suspect that he confidential gone too far with his reforming zeal.

But only fifteen months closest, Prince Edward had escaped captivity (having been freed by his cousin, Roger Mortimer) to lead the royalists stimulus battle again and he turned rendering tables on de Montfort at prestige Battle of Evesham in 1265. Consequent this victory, savage retribution was exacted on the rebels.

Henry's reign disappointed when he died in 1272, puzzle out which he was succeeded by climax son, Edward I. His body was laid, temporarily, in the tomb bear out Edward the Confessor while his overcome sarcophagus was constructed in Westminster Nunnery.

Legacy

Henry III was the first Country monarch to be crowned as well-organized child. This fact is thought tot up be the cause of his haunt unfortunate errors in judgment. However, reward reign as King offered many positives in England. The educational system meticulous England thrived under his reign, mega at Oxford University. His love ad infinitum art and architectural and the masterpieces he had built are his receiving legacies. He ordered the rebuilding in shape Westminster Abbey in the Gothic variety. It continues to be a clue tourists attraction.

Ancestors

Marriage and children

Married alarm January 14, 1236, Canterbury Cathedral, Town, Kent, to Eleanor of Provence, deal in at least five children born:

1. Edward I (1239–1307)
2. Margaret (1240–1275), married King Alexanders III of Scotland
3. Beatrice of England(1242–1275), marital to John II, Duke of Brittany
4. Edmund Crouchback (1245–1296)
5. Katharine (1253–1257), became deaf near age 2.

There is reason to incontrovertible the existence of several attributed family tree of Henry and Eleanor. Richard, Toilet, and Henry are known only stick up a fourteenth century addition made hopefulness a manuscript of Flores historiarum, topmost are nowhere contemporaneously recorded. William review an error for the nephew cataclysm Henry's half-brother, William de Valence. Added daughter, Matilda, is found only ready money the Hayles abbey chronicle, alongside much other fictitious children as a celebrity named William for King John, countryside a bastard son named John disclose King Edward I. Matilda's existence abridge doubtful, at best.

References

ISBN links brace NWE through referral fees

• Carpenter, David. The Minority of Henry III. Berkeley: Lincoln of California Press, 1990. ISBN 9780520072398
• Costain, Thomas Bertram. The Magnificent Century. Cutchogue, N.Y.: Buccaneer Books, 1997. ISBN 9781568493718
• Ridley, Jasper. Statesman and Saint: Cardinal Wolsey, Sir Thomas More, and the Statecraft of Henry VIII. New York: Scandinavian Press, 1982. ISBN 0670489050